Α α：阿尔法 Alpha Β β：贝塔 Beta Γ γ：伽玛bai Gamma Δ δ：德尔塔 Delte Ε ε：艾普西龙 Epsilon Ζ ζ ：捷塔 Zeta Ε η：依塔 Eta Θ θ：西塔 Theta Ι ι：艾欧塔 Iota Κ κ：喀帕 Kappa ∧ λ：拉姆达 Lambda Μ μ：缪 Mu Ν ν：拗 Nu Ξ ξ：克西 Xi Ο ο：欧麦克轮 Omicron ∏ π：派 Pi Ρ ρ：柔 Rho ∑ σ：西格玛 Sigma Τ τ：套 Tau Υ υ：宇普西龙 Upsilon Φ φ：fai Phi Χ χ：器 Chi Ψ ψ：普赛 Psi Ω ω：欧米伽 Omega
| IUPAC nucleotide code | Base |
| A | Adenine |
| C | Cytosine |
| G | Guanine |
| T (or U) | Thymine (or Uracil) |
| R | A or G |
| Y | C or T |
| S | G or C |
| W | A or T |
| K | G or T |
| M | A or C |
| B | C or G or T |
| D | A or G or T |
| H | A or C or T |
| V | A or C or G |
| N | any base |
| . or - | gap |
| 中文名 | Name | 3-Letter code | 1-Letter code | Side chain | Desc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 甘氨酸 | Glycine | Gly | G | H | Optically inactive. |
| 丙氨酸 | Alanine | Ala | A | -CH3 | The simplest optically active AA. All other AAs will build off alanine, A like the beginning of the alphabet. |
| 缬氨酸 | Valine | Val | V | -CH(CH3)2 | The side chain is branched like a V. |
| 亮氨酸 | Leucine | Leu | L | -CH2[CH(CH3)2] | The side chain is branched like a Y. |
| 异亮氨酸 | Isoleucine | Ile | I | -CH(CH3)(C2H5) | An isomer of leucine. One branch is longer than the other. |
| 脯氨酸 | Proline | Pro | P | -CH2 CH2CH2– | The only cyclic aliphatic. |
| 半胱氨酸 | Cysteine | Cys | C | -CH2-SH | Cysteine has a sulfhydryl (SH) group. |
| 甲硫氨酸/蛋氨酸 | Methionine | Met | M | -(CH2)-S-(CH3) | Thiol is synonymous with sulfur. Methionine is a methylated sulfur. |
| 苯丙氨酸 | Phenylalanine | Phe | F | -CH2(C6H5) | A benzene (or phenyl) ring attached to an alanine. F like its name. |
| 色氨酸 | Tryptophan | Trp | W | -indole ring | AA with the largest side chain, two fused rings (double). |
| 酪氨酸 | Tyrosine | Tyr | Y | -CH2(C6H4OH) | A hydroxylated (OH) phenylalanine. |
| 丝氨酸 | Serine | Ser | S | -CH2OH | A hydroxylated alanine. |
| 苏氨酸 | Threonine | Thr | T | – CH(OH)(CH3) | Three parts to this AA: alanine, methyl, and hydroxyl. |
| 精氨酸 | Arginine | Arg | R | -(CH2)3-urea | The side chain has a urea (NH2-C (NH2+)(NH)) group (A pirates favorite AA, arginine). |
| 赖氨酸 | Lysine | Lys | K | -(CH2)4-NH3+ | The basic straight chain AA with amino group . |
| 组氨酸 | Histidine | His | H | -CH2-(C3N2H4)+ | This amino acid has an imidazole, an aromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms that can be protonated. |
| 天冬氨酸 | Aspartate | Asp | D | -CH2COOH | An acidic alanine. Just remember D. |
| 谷氨酸 | Glutamate | Glu | E | -CH2CH2COOH | A longer version of Asp. E follows D in the alphabet. |
| 天冬酰胺 | Asparagine | Asn | N | -CH2CONH2 | Amidated Asp. |
| 谷氨酰胺 | Glutamine | Gln | Q | -CH2CH2CONH2 | AmidatedGlu. |
| Amino-acidbiochemical properties | Nonpolar (np) | Polar (p) | Basic (b) | Acidic (a) | Termination: stop codon * | Initiation: possible start codon ⇒ |
| 1st
base |
2nd base | 3rd
base | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | A | G | ||||||
| T | TTT | (Phe/F) Phenylalanine(np) | TCT | (Ser/S) Serine(p) | TAT | (Tyr/Y) Tyrosine(p) | TGT | (Cys/C) Cysteine(p) | T |
| TTC | TCC | TAC | TGC | C | |||||
| TTA | (Leu/L) Leucine(np) | TCA | TAA | Stop( Ochre) * [note 2 ] | TGA | Stop( Opal) * [note 2 ] | A | ||
| TTG ⇒ | TCG | TAG | Stop( Amber) * [note 2 ] | TGG | (Trp/W) Tryptophan(np) | G | |||
| C | CTT | CCT | (Pro/P) Proline(np) | CAT | (His/H) Histidine(b) | CGT | (Arg/R) Arginine(b) | T | |
| CTC | CCC | CAC | CGC | C | |||||
| CTA | CCA | CAA | (Gln/Q) Glutamine(p) | CGA | A | ||||
| CTG | CCG | CAG | CGG | G | |||||
| A | ATT | (Ile/I) Isoleucine(np) | ACT | (Thr/T) Threonine(p) | AAT | (Asn/N) Asparagine(p) | AGT | (Ser/S) Serine(p) | T |
| ATC | ACC | AAC | AGC | C | |||||
| ATA | ACA | AAA | (Lys/K) Lysine(b) | AGA | (Arg/R) Arginine(b) | A | |||
| ATG ⇒ | (Met/M) Methionine(np) | ACG | AAG | AGG | G | ||||
| G | GTT | (Val/V) Valine(np) | GCT | (Ala/A) Alanine(np) | GAT | (Asp/D) Aspartic acid(a) | GGT | (Gly/G) Glycine(np) | T |
| GTC | GCC | GAC | GGC | C | |||||
| GTA | GCA | GAA | (Glu/E) Glutamic acid(a) | GGA | A | ||||
| GTG ⇒ | GCG | GAG | GGG | G | |||||
1.从小到大 y(yocto): 1e-24 z(zepto): 1e-21 a(atto): 1e-18 f(femto): 1e-15 p(pico): 1e-12 n(namo): 1e-9 µ(micro): 1e-6 m(milli): 1e-3
thousand（千）: 1e3 KB(killo): 1e3 Million（百万）: 1,000,000（10⁶） MB(Mega): 1e6 Billion（十亿）: 1,000,000,000（10⁹） GB(Giga): 1e9 Trillion（万亿）: 1,000,000,000,000（10¹²） TB(Tera): 1e12 Quadrillion（千万亿）: 10¹⁵ PB(Peta): 1e15 Quintillion（百亿亿）: 10¹⁸ EB(Exa): 1e18 zettabyte: 10²¹ ZB(Zetta): 1e21 from: * https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/国际单位制 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units 2.硬盘中使用GB表示 billion? 字母 G 代表 Giga（千兆），是国际单位制（SI）的标准前缀。如GHz，表示频率。 与 Billion 的关系 Billion 在美式英语中表示十亿（10⁹），与 Giga 的数值相同，但用途不同： G 用于物理量单位（如存储、频率）。 B 用于数量统计（如模型参数量、经济数据）。 例如：硬盘标称 500GB 中的 G 是存储单位，而模型参数 175B 中的 B 是数量单位。